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The transfer DNA (abbreviated T-DNA) is the transferred DNA of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes (actually an Ri plasmid). The T-DNA is transferred from bacterium into the host plant's nuclear DNA genome. [1]
A transfer DNA (T-DNA) binary system is a pair of plasmids consisting of a T-DNA binary vector and a vir helper plasmid. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The two plasmids are used together (thus binary [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ) to produce genetically modified plants .
Furthermore, with the induction of the vir region, the transfer of T-DNA can be mediated by the Vir proteins. [22] The virB operon is the largest operon in the vir region, encoding for 11 VirB proteins involved in the transfer process of T-DNA and bacterial proteins into host plant cells (see transfer apparatus below). [23] [24]
The genes involved in opine catabolism, T-DNA transfer from the bacterium to the plant cell and bacterium-bacterium plasmid conjugative transfer are located outside the T-DNA. [3] [4] The T-DNA fragment is flanked by 25-bp direct repeats, which act as a cis-element signal for the transfer apparatus. The process of T-DNA transfer is mediated by ...
To transfer T-DNA into a plant cell, A. tumefaciens uses a type IV secretion mechanism, involving the production of a T-pilus. When acetosyringone and other substances are detected, a signal transduction event activates the expression of 11 genes within the VirB operon which are responsible for the formation of the T-pilus.
The transferred DNA (called T-DNA) is piloted to the plant cell nucleus by nuclear localization signals present in the Agrobacterium protein VirD2, which is covalently attached to the end of the T-DNA at the Right border (RB). Exactly how the T-DNA is integrated into the host plant genomic DNA is an active area of plant biology research.
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The bacteria uses conjugation to transfer a DNA segment called T-DNA from its plasmid into the plant. The transferred DNA is piloted to the plant cell nucleus and integrated into the host plants genomic DNA.The plasmid T-DNA is integrated semi-randomly into the genome of the host cell. [23]