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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consists of two nucleosides joined by pyrophosphate. The nucleosides each contain a ribose ring, one with adenine attached to the first carbon atom (the 1' position) (adenosine diphosphate ribose) and the other with nicotinamide at this position. [4] [5] The redox reactions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD + and NADP + are cofactors in a wide variety of enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions, most notably glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. [32] If humans ingest nicotinamide, it will likely undergo a series of reactions that transform it into NAD, which can then undergo a transformation to form NADP + .
NADH dehydrogenase is an enzyme that converts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from its reduced form (NADH) to its oxidized form (NAD +).Members of the NADH dehydrogenase family and analogues are commonly systematically named using the format NADH:acceptor oxidoreductase.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP [1] [2] or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent ('hydrogen source').
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide. Dehydrogenase enzymes transfer electrons from the substrate to an electron carrier; what carrier is used depends on the reaction taking place. Common electron acceptors used by this subclass are NAD +, FAD, and NADP +. Electron carriers are reduced in this process and considered oxidizers of the substrate.
Ferredoxin: NADP + reductase is the last enzyme in the transfer of electrons during photosynthesis from photosystem I to NADPH. [2] The NADPH is then used as a reducing equivalent in the reactions of the Calvin cycle. [2] Electron cycling from ferredoxin to NADPH only occurs in the light in part because FNR activity is inhibited in the dark. [11]
NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that faces the extracellular space. It can be found in the plasma membrane as well as in the membranes of phagosomes used by neutrophil white blood cells to engulf microorganisms.
An electron transport chain (ETC [1]) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H + ions) across a membrane.