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The composite blend of poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) (PLDLLA) with tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is used as PLDLLA/TCP scaffolds for bone engineering. [47] [48] Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is the main ingredient in Sculptra, a facial volume enhancer used for treating lipoatrophy of the cheeks.
A wide variety of starting materials can be used to synthesize polyesters, and each monomer type endows the final polymer chain with different characteristics and properties. The ROP of cyclic dimeric glycolic or lactic acid forms α-hydroxy acids which then polymerize into poly-(α-esters). [10]
When this monomer undergoes ring-opening polymerization, one equivalent of carbon dioxide gas is released for every lactic acid unit incorporated into the polymer: [1] This compound is prepared by treatment of lactic acid or its salts with phosgene or one of its equivalents, e.g. diphosgene .
Lactic acid is used as a food preservative, curing agent, and flavoring agent. [51] It is an ingredient in processed foods and is used as a decontaminant during meat processing. [52] Lactic acid is produced commercially by fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, or lactose, or by chemical synthesis. [51]
In addition, administration of poly-lactic acid microfibers has shown that topographical guidance cues alone can promote axonal regeneration into the injury site. [33] However, all of these approaches induced modest behavioral or functional recovery suggesting that further investigation is necessary.
Other categories of green solvent have additional properties that preclude their usage in various applications: Fatty acid methyl esters [50] [51] [52] have been investigated and compared to fossil diesel. At 20 °C or 40 °C, those solvents have a lower density than water at 4 °C (temperature in which the water is the densest):
Coordination polymerization started in the 1950s with heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts based on titanium tetrachloride and organoaluminium co-catalysts.The mixing of TiCl 4 with trialkylaluminium complexes produces Ti(III)-containing solids that catalyze the polymerization of ethene and propene.
PBAT (short for polybutylene adipate terephthalate) is a biodegradable random copolymer, specifically a copolyester of adipic acid, 1,4-butanediol and terephthalic acid.PBAT is produced by many different manufacturers and may be known by the brand names ecoflex, Wango, Ecoworld, Eastar Bio, and Origo-Bi.