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In rotation-powered pulsars, the beam is the result of the rotational energy of the neutron star, which generates an electrical field and very strong magnetic field, resulting in the acceleration of protons and electrons on the star surface and the creation of an electromagnetic beam emanating from the poles of the magnetic field.
where I is the moment of inertia of the beam cross-section and c is the distance of the top of the beam from the neutral axis (see beam theory for more details). For a beam of cross-sectional area a and height h , the ideal cross-section would have half the area at a distance h / 2 above the cross-section and the other half at a ...
This was the strongest wave of extra-solar gamma rays ever detected at over 100 times as intense as any previously known burst. Given the speed of light and its detection by several widely dispersed spacecraft, the source of the gamma radiation could be triangulated to within an accuracy of approximately 2 arcseconds . [ 21 ]
[98] [99] [100] The approximate angular width of the jet (that is, the degree of spread of the beam) can be estimated directly by observing the achromatic "jet breaks" in afterglow light curves: a time after which the slowly decaying afterglow begins to fade rapidly as the jet slows and can no longer beam its radiation as effectively.
A charged particle beam in a quadrupole magnetic field will experience a focusing / defocusing force in the transverse direction. This focusing effect is summed up by a focusing strength which depends on the quadrupole gradient as well as the beam's rigidity [] = /, where is the electric charge of the particle and
This beam is less than 0.1 m wide when it strikes the atmosphere. These gamma rays are too low-energy to show the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect . Only magnetic field perpendicular to the path of the photon causes pair production, so that photons coming in parallel to the geomagnetic field lines can survive intact until they meet the ...
Schematic view of a pulsar. The sphere in the middle represents the neutron star, the curves indicate the magnetic field lines, the protruding cones represent the emission beams and the green line represents the axis on which the star rotates. Supernovae sometimes leave behind dense spinning neutron stars called pulsars.
The I-beam, also known as the H-beam [5] or universal beam, is a widely used structural element due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and structural stability. [6] The shape of the I-beam, with its central vertical web and horizontal flanges, provides excellent load-bearing capabilities and resistance to bending and torsion.