Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
Independence is a fundamental notion in probability theory, as in statistics and the theory of stochastic processes.Two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent [1] if, informally speaking, the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other or, equivalently, does not affect the odds.
CMM concepts and models are best understood as providing tools for naming aspects of performance. To date, CMM has found greater acceptance among practitioners than among scholars. Taking the communication perspective confers something like "communication literacy"—the ability to inscribe and read the complex process of communication in real ...
Elements of communication include a communication-triggering event, sender and recipient, a means of communication, a path of communication and contents of communication. [3] The path of communication is the path that a message travels between sender and recipient; in hierarchies the vertical line of communication is identical to command ...
Often, these are large-scale events (natural disaster, political change, etc.) that affect participants' attitudes and behaviors such that it becomes impossible to determine whether any change on the dependent measures is due to the independent variable, or the historical event.
Part of the motivation for the distinction between performance and competence comes from speech errors: despite having a perfect understanding of the correct forms, a speaker of a language may unintentionally produce incorrect forms. This is because performance occurs in real situations, and so is subject to many non-linguistic influences.
Many simple, practical estimators achieve better performance than the "ordinary" decision rule. The best-known example is the James–Stein estimator , which shrinks X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} } towards a particular point (such as the origin) by an amount inversely proportional to the distance of X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} } from that point.
Get AOL Mail for FREE! Manage your email like never before with travel, photo & document views. Personalize your inbox with themes & tabs. You've Got Mail!
Evidence from eyetracking, event-related potentials, and other experimental methods indicates that in addition to integrating each subsequent word into the context formed by previously encountered words, language users may, under certain conditions, try to predict upcoming words. Predictability has been shown to affect both text and speech ...