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Succinic acid can be dehydrogenated to fumaric acid or be converted to diesters, such as diethylsuccinate (CH 2 CO 2 CH 2 CH 3) 2. This diethyl ester is a substrate in the Stobbe condensation . Dehydration of succinic acid gives succinic anhydride . [ 15 ]
So succinic acid will yield succinic anhydride. For acids with carboxylic groups at position 1 and 6 this dehydration causes loss of carbon dioxide and water to form a cyclic ketone, for example, adipic acid will form cyclopentanone .
Alkenes can be made from alcohols by dehydration. This conversion, among others, is used in converting biomass to liquid fuels. [2] The conversion of ethanol to ethylene is a fundamental example: [3] [4] CH 3 CH 2 OH → H 2 C=CH 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is accelerated by acid catalysts such as sulfuric acid and certain zeolites.
The Stobbe condensation entails the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with an ester of succinic acid to generate alkylidene succinic acid or related derivatives. [1] The reaction consumes one equivalent of metal alkoxide. Commonly, diethylsuccinate is a component of the reaction. The usual product is salt of the half-ester.
In the laboratory, this material can be prepared by dehydration of succinic acid. Such dehydration can occur with the help of acetyl chloride or phosphoryl chloride, [5] or thermally. [6] Industrially, succinic anhydride is prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride. [6]
Maleic acid or cis-butenedioic acid is an ... maleic acid can be converted into maleic anhydride by dehydration, to malic acid by hydration, and to succinic acid by ...
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It is an important intermediate in the citric acid cycle, where it is synthesized from α-ketoglutarate by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase through decarboxylation. During the process, coenzyme A is added. With B12 as an enzymatic cofactor, it is also synthesized from propionyl CoA, the odd-numbered fatty acid, which cannot undergo beta-oxidation ...