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In 1912, to standardize birthstones, the (American) National Association of Jewelers (now called Jewelers of America) met in Kansas and officially adopted a list. [1]: 317 The Jewelry Industry Council of America updated the list in 1952 [3]: 311 by adding Alexandrite for June, citrine for November and pink tourmaline for October.
Gemstones of the World revised 5th edition, 2013 by Walter Schumann ISBN 978-1454909538 Smithsonian Handbook: Gemstones by Cally Hall, 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 978-0789489852 hide
Gold chain with garnets, rock crystals and enamel from the 16th century, Sweden. Jewellery chains, jewelry chains or body chains are metal chains [1] [2] that are used in jewellery to encircle parts of the body, [3] namely the neck, wrists and ankles, [4] and they also serve as points to hang decorative charms and pendants. [5] [6] [7]
By 1500 BC, the peoples of the Indus Valley were creating gold earrings and necklaces, bead necklaces, and metallic bangles. [citation needed] Before 2100 BC, prior to the period when metals were widely used, the largest jewellery trade in the Indus Valley region was the bead trade. Beads in the Indus Valley were made using simple techniques.
Shell jewelry is jewelry that is primarily made from seashells, the shells of marine mollusks. Shell jewelry is a type of shellcraft . One very common form of shell jewelry is necklaces that are composed of large numbers of beads , where each individual bead is the whole (but often drilled) shell of a small sea snail .
A livery collar or chain of office is a collar or heavy chain, usually of gold, worn as insignia of office or a mark of fealty or other association in Europe from the Middle Ages onwards. One of the oldest and best-known livery collars is the Collar of Esses , which has been in continuous use in England since the 14th century.