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Simple scheme of the apparatus for electro-oxidation process. The set-up for performing an electro-oxidation treatment consists of an electrochemical cell.An external electric potential difference (aka voltage) is applied to the electrodes, resulting in the formation of reactive species, namely hydroxyl radicals, in the proximity of the electrode surface. [11]
Electrocoagulation (EC) is a technique used for wastewater treatment, wash water treatment, industrially processed water, and medical treatment. Electrocoagulation has become a rapidly growing area of wastewater treatment due to its ability to remove contaminants that are generally more difficult to remove by filtration or chemical treatment systems, such as emulsified oil, total petroleum ...
Among the water and wastewater services of a city, wastewater treatment is usually the most energy intense process. [2]Wastewater treatment plants are designed with the purpose of treating the influent sewage to a set quality before discharging it back into a water body, without real concern for the energy consumption of the treating units of a plant.
For example, in aqueous conditions the competing reactions in the cell are the formation of oxygen at the anode and hydrogen at the cathode. In this case a graphite anode and lead cathode could be used effectively because of their high overpotentials for oxygen and hydrogen formation respectively. Many other materials can be used as electrodes.
This potential can be related to Gibbs free energy (ΔG) by: ΔG°cell = −nFE°cell Where n is the number of electrons per mole products and F is the Faraday constant. Therefore, it takes 475 kJ of energy to make one mole of O2 as calculated by thermodynamics. However, in reality no process can be this efficient.
One common process in wastewater treatment is phase separation, such as sedimentation. Biological and chemical processes such as oxidation are another example. Polishing is also an example. The main by-product from wastewater treatment plants is a type of sludge that is usually treated in the same or another wastewater treatment plant. [2]:
"Wastewater Technology Fact Sheets". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 25 June 2015. Primer for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems (Report). EPA. 2004. EPA 832-R-04-001. Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology Database EPA.
Hybrid Sankey diagram of 2011 U.S. interconnected water and energy flows. The water-energy nexus is the relationship between the water used for energy production, [1] including both electricity and sources of fuel such as oil and natural gas, and the energy consumed to extract, purify, deliver, heat/cool, treat and dispose of water (and wastewater) sometimes referred to as the energy intensity ...