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Human subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a "trial") or observational (no "test article") and involves human beings as research subjects, commonly known as test subjects. Human subject research can be either medical (clinical) research or non-medical (e.g., social science) research. [1]
A subject of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment has his blood drawn, c. 1953.. Numerous experiments which were performed on human test subjects in the United States in the past are now considered to have been unethical, because they were performed without the knowledge or informed consent of the test subjects. [1]
[6] [18] This committee was created to investigate and report the use of human beings as test subjects in experiments involving the effects of ionizing radiation in federally funded research. [18] The committee attempted to determine the causes of the experiments, and reasons why the proper oversight did not exist, and made several ...
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research was established. It was tasked with establishing the boundary between research and routine practice, the role of risk-benefit analysis , guidelines for participation, and the definition of informed consent.
The use of troops to test nerve gas, psychochemicals, and thousands of other toxic chemical or biological substances. A failure to secure informed consent and other widespread failures to follow the precepts of U.S. and international law regarding the use of human subjects, including the 1953 Wilson Directive and the Nuremberg Code.
These prisoners were used as medical test subjects by German agents. [7] [8] During the second World War, Nazi human experimentation occurred in Germany with particular bias towards euthanasia. At the war's conclusion, 23 Nazi doctors and scientists were tried for the murder of concentration camp inmates who were
A human test subject was able to “walk” up a glass wall by wearing adhesive pads on his hands and feet. Image credits: Sasha Weilbaker #6 Needles.
The main points of the 1931 Guidelines for Human Experimentation are as follows: [5] Full unambiguous and informed consent from test subjects is required, except in extreme extenuating circumstances. Risks should be balanced out by potential benefits. Caution should be taken for subjects under 18 years old.