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The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh [a] (/ t ɑː ˈ n ɑː x /; [1] Hebrew: תַּנַ״ךְ tanaḵ, תָּנָ״ךְ tānāḵ or תְּנַ״ךְ tənaḵ) also known in Hebrew as Miqra (/ m iː ˈ k r ɑː /; Hebrew: מִקְרָא miqrāʾ), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.
The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites. [1]
The earliest written sources refer to Biblical Hebrew as שפת כנען 'the language of Canaan'. [4] [5] The Hebrew Bible also calls the language יהודית 'Judaean, Judahite' [6] [5] In the Hellenistic period, Greek writings use the names Hebraios, Hebraïsti [7] and in Mishnaic Hebrew we find עברית 'Hebrew' and לשון עברית 'Hebrew language'.
For Christians, the Bible refers to the Old Testament and the New Testament.The Protestant Old Testament is largely identical to what Jews call the Bible; the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Old Testament (held to by some Protestants as well) is based on the prevailing first century Greek translation of the Jewish Bible, the Septuagint.
Later, for Christians, the Septuagint became the received text of the Old Testament in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the basis of its canon. The Catholic Church uses the Latin Vulgate by Jerome , which was based upon the Hebrew for those books of the Bible preserved in the Jewish canon (as reflected in the Masoretic Text), and on the Greek ...
The Septuagint (/ ˈ s ɛ p tj u ə dʒ ɪ n t / SEP-tew-ə-jint), [1] sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (Koinē Greek: Ἡ μετάφρασις τῶν Ἑβδομήκοντα, romanized: Hē metáphrasis tôn Hebdomḗkonta), and abbreviated as LXX, [2] is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Biblical Hebrew.
Ancient Hebrew writings are texts written in Biblical Hebrew using the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.. The earliest known precursor to Hebrew, an inscription in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, is the Khirbet Qeiyafa Inscription (11th–10th century BCE), [1] if it can be considered Hebrew at that early a stage.
The Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh) consists of 24 books of the Masoretic Text recognized by Rabbinic Judaism. [14] There is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible canon was fixed, with some scholars arguing that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty (140-40 BCE), [15] while others arguing that it was not fixed until the 2nd century CE or even later. [16]