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In natural language processing, a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis.Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that the words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. [1]
ELMo (embeddings from language model) is a word embedding method for representing a sequence of words as a corresponding sequence of vectors. [1] It was created by researchers at the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence , [ 2 ] and University of Washington and first released in February, 2018.
They found that Word2vec has a steep learning curve, outperforming another word-embedding technique, latent semantic analysis (LSA), when it is trained with medium to large corpus size (more than 10 million words). However, with a small training corpus, LSA showed better performance. Additionally they show that the best parameter setting ...
An alternative direction is to aggregate word embeddings, such as those returned by Word2vec, into sentence embeddings. The most straightforward approach is to simply compute the average of word vectors, known as continuous bag-of-words (CBOW). [9] However, more elaborate solutions based on word vector quantization have also been proposed.
Word2vec is a word embedding technique which learns to represent words through self-supervision over each word and its neighboring words in a sliding window across a large corpus of text. [28] The model has two possible training schemes to produce word vector representations, one generative and one contrastive. [27]
Unlike previous models, BERT is a deeply bidirectional, unsupervised language representation, pre-trained using only a plain text corpus. Context-free models such as word2vec or GloVe generate a single word embedding representation for each word in the vocabulary, whereas BERT takes into account the context for each occurrence of a given word ...
The attention network was designed to identify high correlations patterns amongst words in a given sentence, assuming that it has learned word correlation patterns from the training data. This correlation is captured as neuronal weights learned during training with backpropagation .
UL2 20B (2022): a model with the same architecture as the T5 series, but scaled up to 20B, and trained with "mixture of denoisers" objective on the C4. [23] It was trained on a TPU cluster by accident, when a training run was left running accidentally for a month. [24] Flan-UL2 20B (2022): UL2 20B instruction-finetuned on the FLAN dataset. [23 ...