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The open-circuit saturation curve (also open-circuit characteristic, OCC) of a synchronous generator is a plot of the output open circuit voltage as a function of the excitation current or field. The curve is typically plotted alongside the synchronous impedance curve .
The open-circuit test, or no-load test, is one of the methods used in electrical engineering to determine the no-load impedance in the excitation branch of a transformer. The no load is represented by the open circuit, which is represented on the right side of the figure as the "hole" or incomplete part of the circuit.
In a synchronous generator, [1] the short circuit ratio is the ratio of field current required to produce rated armature voltage at the open circuit to the field current required to produce the rated armature current at short circuit. [1] [2] This ratio can also be expressed as an inverse of the saturated [3] direct-axis synchronous reactance ...
The input voltage must rise above the top of the band, and then below the bottom of the band, for the output to switch on (plus) and then back off (minus). If R 1 is zero or R 2 is infinity (i.e., an open circuit), the band collapses to zero width, and it behaves as a standard comparator. The transfer characteristic is shown in the picture on ...
where temperature T is in degrees Celsius (°C) and saturation vapor pressure P is in kilopascals (kPa). According to Monteith and Unsworth, "Values of saturation vapour pressure from Tetens' formula are within 1 Pa of exact values up to 35 °C." Murray (1967) provides Tetens' equation for temperatures below 0 °C: [3]
The open circuit time constant procedure provides the linear term in jω regardless of how complex the RC network becomes. This was originally developed and proven by calculating the co-factors of the admittance matrix by Thornton and Searle. [3] A more intuitive inductive proof of this (and other properties of TTC) was later developed by ...
The saturation with respect to water cannot be measured much below –50 °C, so manufacturers should use one of the following expressions for calculating saturation vapour pressure relative to water at the lowest temperatures – Wexler (1976, 1977), [1] [2] reported by Flatau et al. (1992)., [3] Hyland and Wexler (1983) or Sonntag (1994 ...
D is the saturation deficit []. k 2 {\displaystyle k_{2}} is the reaeration rate [ d − 1 {\displaystyle d^{-1}} ]. The range of the SOD is typically in the range of 0.1 – 1 g m 2 d {\displaystyle {\tfrac {g}{m^{2}d}}} for a natural river with low pollution and 5 – 10 g m 2 d {\displaystyle {\tfrac {g}{m^{2}d}}} for a river with moderate ...