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In chemistry, a zwitterion (/ ˈ t s v ɪ t ə ˌ r aɪ ə n / TSVIT-ə-ry-ən; from German Zwitter 'hermaphrodite'), also called an inner salt or dipolar ion, [1] is a molecule that contains an equal number of positively and negatively charged functional groups.
The Wonthaggi Formation was deposited within Gippsland Basin, which formed part of a extensional rift valley system between Australia and Antarctica. The lithology primarily consists of fluvially deposited siliciclastics derived from volcanic rocks of the Whitsunday Silicic Large Igneous Province to the East, with suggestions that the sediments either originated from braided river and sheet ...
Chaetoceros consists of cells linked together, forming long chains. Individual cells are elliptical to circular in valve view, making them centric diatoms, and are rectangular in girdle view. [2] Like other diatoms, cells of Chaetoceros are surrounded by siliceous cell walls known as frustules. Each frustule has four hollow processes called ...
Gastroliths in some species are retained in the muscular gizzard and used to grind food in animals lacking suitable grinding teeth. In other species the rocks are ingested and pass through the digestive system and are frequently replaced. The grain size depends upon the size of the animal and the gastrolith's role in digestion.
Foraminifera species in the fossil record have limited ranges between the species' first evolution and their disappearance; stratigraphers have worked out the successive changes in foram assemblages throughout much of the Phanerozoic. As such, the assemblage of foraminifera within a given locality can be analyzed and compared to known dates of ...
Mammals like Andrewsarchus were at the top of the food-chain. The Late Eocene saw the rebirth of seasons, which caused the expansion of savanna-like areas, along with the evolution of grasses. [15] [16] The end of the Eocene was marked by the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, [17] [18] [19] the European face of which is known as the Grande ...
Creatures whose food chains were based on detritus would have a reasonable chance of survival. [131] [219] In 2016, a scientific drilling project obtained deep rock-core samples from the peak ring around the Chicxulub impact crater. The discoveries confirmed that the rock comprising the peak ring had been shocked by immense pressure and melted ...
All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows. [22] Platyctenids are usually cryptically colored, live on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates, and are often revealed by their long tentacles with many side branches, seen streaming off the back of the ctenophore into the current.