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Injections of botulinum toxin increase the risk of visual complaints and ptosis (eyelid droop). [46] Patients who do not respond well to medication or botulinum toxin injections are candidates for surgical therapy. The most effective surgical treatment has been protractor myectomy, the removal of muscles responsible for eyelid closure. [49]
The Greek word blepharon means "eyelid". Spasm means "uncontrolled muscle contraction". The term blepharospasm ['blef-a-ro-spaz-m] can be applied to any abnormal blinking or eyelid tic or twitch resulting from any cause, ranging from dry eyes to Tourette's syndrome to tardive dyskinesia. The blepharospasm referred to here is officially called ...
After being used regularly for centuries, couching has been mostly abandoned in favour of more effective techniques, due to its generally poor outcomes, and is currently only routinely practised in remote areas of developing countries. [11] [12] Cataract surgery was first mentioned in the Babylonian code of Hammurabi 1750 BCE. [13]
The primary causes include post-cataract surgery, certain medications, and, less commonly, neurological or ophthalmological conditions. Post-cataract surgery is a common cause, as replacing the natural lens with a synthetic one increases exposure to blue light, leading to temporary blue-tinted vision. This effect usually resolves as the eye adapts.
The Chvostek sign is the abnormal twitching of muscles that are activated (innervated) by the facial nerve (also known as Cranial Nerve Seven, or CNVII). [1] When the facial nerve is tapped in front of the ear, the facial muscles on the same side of the face will contract sporadically (called ipsilateral facial spasm). The muscles that control ...
Superior oblique myokymia is a neurological disorder affecting vision and was named by Hoyt and Keane in 1970. [1]It is a condition that presents as repeated, brief episodes of movement, shimmering or shaking of the vision of one eye, a feeling of the eye trembling, or vertical/tilted vision.
Benign fasciculation syndrome (BFS) is characterized by fasciculation (twitching) of voluntary muscles in the body. [1] The twitching can occur in any voluntary muscle group but is most common in the eyelids, arms, hands, fingers, legs, and feet. The tongue can also be affected. The twitching may be occasional to continuous. [2]
After cataract surgery, patients with diabetes mellitus are generally acknowledged to have an increased risk of macular edema. [ 12 ] A prior history of retinal vein occlusion was the only significant preoperative risk factor in a large retrospective series of 1659 consecutive cataract surgeries.