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Ionic bonding can result from a redox reaction when atoms of an element (usually metal), whose ionization energy is low, give some of their electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. In doing so, cations are formed. An atom of another element (usually nonmetal) with greater electron affinity accepts one or more electrons to attain a ...
The "size" of the charge in an ionic bond depends on the number of electrons transferred. An aluminum atom, for example, with a +3 charge has a relatively large positive charge. That positive charge then exerts an attractive force on the electron cloud of the other ion, which has accepted the electrons from the aluminum (or other) positive ion.
[17] [18] The familiar alkynes have a carbon-carbon triple bond (bond order 3) and a linear geometry of 180° bond angles (figure A in reference [19]). However, further down in the group ( silicon , germanium , and tin ), formal triple bonds have an effective bond order 2 with one lone pair (figure B [ 19 ] ) and trans -bent geometries.
Thus, anions (negatively charged ions) are larger than the parent molecule or atom, as the excess electron(s) repel each other and add to the physical size of the ion, because its size is determined by its electron cloud. Cations are smaller than the corresponding parent atom or molecule due to the smaller size of the electron cloud.
In the electron-donating case, the SOMO interacts with the lower energy lone pair to form a new, lower-energy, filled, delocalized bond orbital and a new, higher-energy antibonding SOMO (in net, a three-electron bond). Because the new bonding orbital contains more electrons than the SOMO, the resulting electronic state reduces molecular energy.
In the simple aromatic ring of benzene, the delocalization of six π electrons over the C 6 ring is often graphically indicated by a circle. The fact that the six C-C bonds are equidistant is one indication that the electrons are delocalized; if the structure were to have isolated double bonds alternating with discrete single bonds, the bond would likewise have alternating longer and shorter ...
Cation–π interaction is a noncovalent molecular interaction between the face of an electron-rich π system (e.g. benzene, ethylene, acetylene) and an adjacent cation (e.g. Li +, Na +). This interaction is an example of noncovalent bonding between a monopole (cation) and a quadrupole (π system).
In chemistry, an unpaired electron is an electron that occupies an orbital of an atom singly, rather than as part of an electron pair. Each atomic orbital of an atom (specified by the three quantum numbers n, l and m) has a capacity to contain two electrons ( electron pair ) with opposite spins .