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Most windows use argon (which is cheaper), but krypton is a better choice of insulation when the distance between the panes has to be smaller (the distance has to be about 13 mm (1 ⁄ 2 inch) for argon, and about 9 mm (3 ⁄ 8 inch) for krypton; increasing or decreasing the space will degrade performance).
For example, the optimum thickness for krypton is lower than for argon, and lower for argon than for air. [10] However, since it is difficult to determine whether the gas in an IGU has become mixed with air at time of manufacture (or becomes mixed with air once installed), many designers prefer to use thicker gaps than would be optimum for the ...
From the standpoint of chemistry, the noble gases may be divided into two groups: [citation needed] the relatively reactive krypton (ionisation energy 14.0 eV), xenon (12.1 eV), and radon (10.7 eV) on one side, and the very unreactive argon (15.8 eV), neon (21.6 eV), and helium (24.6 eV) on the other.
Argon constitutes 0.934% by volume and 1.288% by mass of Earth's atmosphere. [23] Air is the primary industrial source of purified argon products. Argon is isolated from air by fractionation, most commonly by cryogenic fractional distillation, a process that also produces purified nitrogen, oxygen, neon, krypton and xenon. [24]
For instance, argon, krypton, and xenon form clathrates with hydroquinone, but helium and neon do not because they are too small or insufficiently polarizable to be retained. [61] Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon also form clathrate hydrates, where the noble gas is trapped in ice. [62] An endohedral fullerene compound containing a noble gas atom
Krypton is used in some photographic flashes for high speed photography. Krypton gas is also combined with mercury to make luminous signs that glow with a bright greenish-blue light. [39] Krypton is mixed with argon in energy efficient fluorescent lamps, reducing the power consumption, but also reducing the light output and raising the cost. [40]
Argon Krypton Xenon Radon Oganesson; Solar System (for each atom of silicon) [20] 2343: 2.148: 0.1025: 5.515 × 10 −5: 5.391 × 10 −6 – – Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in ppm) [21] 5.20: 18.20: 9340.00: 1.10: 0.09 (0.06–18) × 10 −19: 0 Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm) [12] 3 × 10 −3: 7 × 10 −5: 4 × 10 −2 – – 1 ...
Higher R-values still can be obtained by filling the gap with a less conductive gas such as argon (or less commonly, krypton or xenon). [10] One final alternate method to reducing conduction is by creating and maintaining a vacuum in between the panes of glass, achieving a very high R-value of 10 while also greatly minimizing the required gap ...