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Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the transfer of thermal energy from one physical system to another. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as heat conduction, convection, thermal radiation, and phase-change transfer. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species ...
Viscosity: The viscosity of a fluid affects its flow characteristics and pumping costs. Lower viscosity fluids are easier to pump and circulate within a system. [2] Heat Capacity: A fluid’s heat capacity indicates how much thermal energy it can transport and store, impacting the efficiency of the heat transfer process. [2]
Polyalkylene glycol (PAG) is used as high temperature, thermally stable heat transfer fluids exhibiting strong resistance to oxidation. Modern PAGs can also be non-toxic and non-hazardous. [2] Cutting fluid is a coolant that also serves as a lubricant for metal-shaping machine tools. Oils are often used for applications where water is unsuitable.
Therminol is a synthetic heat transfer fluid [1] produced by Eastman Chemical Company.. Therminol fluids are used in a variety of applications, including: [2] Hydrocarbon processing (oil and gas, refining, asphalt, gas-to-liquid, etc.)
The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called "natural convection". All convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well.
This fluid is expanded in the turbine to convert thermal energy to kinetic energy, that is converted to electricity in the electrical generator. This energy transfer process decreases the temperature of the refrigerant that, in turn, condenses. The cycle is closed and completed using a pump to send the fluid back to the evaporator.
Water-based drilling fluid has very little toxicity, made from water, bentonite and baryte, all clay from mining operations, usually found in Wyoming and in Lunde, Telemark. There are specific chemicals that can be used in water-based drilling fluids that alone can be corrosive and toxic, such as hydrochloric acid.
The choice of working fluids is known to have a significant impact on the thermodynamic as well as economic performance of the cycle. A suitable fluid must exhibit favorable physical, chemical, environmental, safety and economic properties such as low specific volume (high density), viscosity, toxicity, flammability, ozone depletion potential (ODP), global warming potential (GWP) and cost, as ...