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Measurements of RBE with external sources also neglect the ionization caused by the recoil of the parent-nucleus due to the alpha decay. While the recoil of the parent-nucleus of the decaying atom typically carries only about 2% of the energy of the alpha-particle that is emitted by the decaying atom, its range is extremely short (about 2–3 ...
Radiation with higher LET and higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE) have a lower OER in mammalian cell tissues. [2] The value of the maximum OER varies from about 1–4. The maximum OER ranges from about 2–4 for low-LET radiations such as X-rays, beta particles and gamma rays, whereas the OER is unity for high-LET radiations such as ...
The oxygen effect is quantified by measuring the radiation sensitivity or Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) of a particular biological effect (e.g., cell death or DNA damage), [14] which is the ratio of doses under pure oxygen and anoxic conditions.
The rem and millirem are CGS units in widest use among the U.S. public, industry, and government. [4] However, the SI unit the sievert (Sv) is the normal unit outside the United States, and is increasingly encountered within the US in academic, scientific, and engineering environments, and have now virtually replaced the rem. [5]
The International System of Units, internationally known by the abbreviation SI (from French Système international d'unités), is the modern form of the metric system and the world's most widely used system of measurement. It is the only system of measurement with official status in nearly every country in the world, employed in science ...
The system existed since Kievan Rus', but under Peter the Great, the Russian units were redefined relative to the English system. [1] Until Peter the Great the system also used Cyrillic numerals, and only in the 18th century did Peter the Great replace it with the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1]
[3] The current international standard for the metric system is the International System of Units (Système international d'unités or SI). It is a system in which all units can be expressed in terms of seven units. The units that serve as the SI base units are the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela.
The rep has variously been defined as 83 or 93 ergs per gram of tissue (8.3/9.3 mGy) [13] or per cc of tissue. [ 14 ] In 1953 the ICRU recommended the rad, equal to 100 erg/g as a new unit of absorbed radiation, [ 15 ] but then promoted a switch to the gray in the 1970s.