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Endothelial dysfunction may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis [5] [6] [7] and may predate vascular pathology. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Endothelial dysfunction may also lead to increased adherence of monocytes and macrophages , as well as promoting infiltration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the vessel wall. [ 9 ]
Endothelial dysfunction has also been shown to be predictive of future adverse cardiovascular events including stroke, heart disease, and is also present in inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus. [18] [19] Endothelial dysfunction is a result of changes in endothelial function.
Endothelial activation is a proinflammatory and procoagulant state of the endothelial cells lining the lumen of blood vessels. [1] It is most characterized by an increase in interactions with white blood cells (leukocytes), and it is associated with the early states of atherosclerosis and sepsis , among others. [ 2 ]
FMD is a noninvasive measure of blood vessel health (endothelial dysfunction [5] [6]) which (when low) is at least as predictive of cardiovascular disease as traditional risk factors. [4] [7] [8] Major cardiovascular disease associated with low FMD include cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and stroke. [8]
Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are endothelial cells that have been shed from the lining of the vascular wall into the blood stream. [1] Endothelial cells normally line blood vessels to maintain vascular integrity and permeability, but when these cells enter into the circulation, this could be a reflection of vascular dysfunction and damage. [2]
Vascular disease is a pathological state of large and medium muscular arteries and is triggered by endothelial cell dysfunction. [22] Because of factors like pathogens, oxidized LDL particles and other inflammatory stimuli endothelial cells become active. [23]
The report also called out different rates of risk factors among different races and ethnic groups. Black women were found to have the highest rate of obesity (57.9%) and Asian women had the ...
This endothelial dysfunction leads to impaired myocardial blood flow reserve as evidence by echocardiography. [10] About 50% of diabetics with diabetic cardiomyopathy show pathologic evidence for microangiopathy such as sub-endothelial and endothelial fibrosis, compared to only 21% of non-diabetic heart failure patients. [11]