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For radials 9 electrical degrees or less ( 1 / 40 wavelength, each, or shorter) the effect on feedpoint impedance and the current in the mast is the same as extending the height of the antenna by a length of wire equal to 99% of the total length of all the radials, up to about a dozen radials.
In North America, for instance, there are transmitting antennas on the Empire State Building, the Willis Tower, Prudential Tower, 4 Times Square, and One World Trade Center. The North Tower of the original World Trade Center also had a 110-metre (360 ft) telecommunications antenna atop its roof, constructed in 1978–1979, and began ...
Antennas significantly shorter than the fundamental resonant length of one-quarter of the wavelength (0.25, 90 electrical degrees) are called electrically short antennas. Electrically short antennas are efficient radiators ; the gain of even a short antenna is very close to that of a quarter-wave antenna.
It consists of a network of radial copper wires suspended above the ground, connected to the transmitter feedline ground. It is suspended about 8 feet above ground, so technicians can get access to the helix house at the foot of the tower. Antenna used in Lodge-Muirhead wireless system around 1900, the first counterpoise.
Another early example is the umbrella antenna built in 1906 by Adolf Slaby at Nauen Transmitter Station, Germany's first long range radio station, consisting of a 100 metres (330 ft) steel lattice tower radiator with 162 umbrella cables attached to the top, anchored by hemp ropes to the ground 200 m from the tower. Small umbrella antennas were ...
The top shows the directive pattern of a horn antenna, the bottom shows the omnidirectional pattern of a simple vertical dipole antenna. In the field of antenna design the term radiation pattern (or antenna pattern or far-field pattern) refers to the directional (angular) dependence of the strength of the radio waves from the antenna or other ...