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For radials 9 electrical degrees or less ( 1 / 40 wavelength, each, or shorter) the effect on feedpoint impedance and the current in the mast is the same as extending the height of the antenna by a length of wire equal to 99% of the total length of all the radials, up to about a dozen radials.
Buried in the ground under the antenna is an enormous radial ground system, which forms the bottom 'plate' of the capacitor with the overhead top load. The antenna must be very large at the VLF frequencies used; the supporting masts are 250–300 metres (820–980 ft) high, and the topload is about 1,900 metres (6,200 ft) in diameter.
The top shows the directive pattern of a horn antenna, the bottom shows the omnidirectional pattern of a simple vertical dipole antenna. In the field of antenna design the term radiation pattern (or antenna pattern or far-field pattern) refers to the directional (angular) dependence of the strength of the radio waves from the antenna or other ...
The antenna's feed point is at the center of the disc. It is usually fed with 50-ohm coaxial cable, with the center conductor connected to the disc, and the outer conductor to the cone. The cone: The length of the cone should be a quarter wavelength of the antenna's lowest operating frequency. [2] The cone angle is generally from 25 to 40 degrees.
Base-fed mast radiator antennas shorter than about .16 wavelength are not used, [147] as the radiation resistance at that length is around 10 ohms, 5 times the typical resistance of a buried radial ground system, 2 ohms, so in an Earth-grounded antenna over 20% of the transmitter power would be wasted in the ground resistance.
Vertical polarized VHF-UHF biconical antenna 170–1100 MHz with omnidirectional H-plane pattern. Omnidirectional radiation patterns are produced by the simplest practical antennas, monopole and dipole antennas, consisting of one or two straight rod conductors on a common axis.