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GLUT4 is the insulin-regulated glucose transporter found primarily in adipose tissues and striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac). GLUT4 is distinctive because it is predominantly stored within intracellular vesicles, highlighting the importance of its trafficking and regulation as a central area of research. [ 5 ]
The fibres of striated muscle have a cylindrical shape with blunt ends, whereas those in smooth muscle are spindle-like with tapered ends. Striated muscle tissue has more mitochondria than smooth muscle. Both smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells have a single nucleus, and skeletal muscle cells have many nuclei. [6]
Muscle also functions to produce body heat. Muscle contraction is responsible for producing 85% of the body's heat. [65] This heat produced is as a by-product of muscular activity, and is mostly wasted. As a homeostatic response to extreme cold, muscles are signaled to trigger contractions of shivering in order to generate heat. [66]
Expressed mostly in neurons (where it is believed to be the main glucose transporter isoform), and in the placenta. Is a high-affinity isoform, allowing it to transport even in times of low glucose concentrations. GLUT4: Expressed in adipose tissues and striated muscle (skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle). Is the insulin-regulated glucose ...
The insulin transduction pathway is a biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells and reduces the synthesis of glucose in the liver and hence is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. This pathway is also influenced by fed versus fasting states, stress levels, and a variety of other ...
GLUT4 has a Km value for glucose of about 5 mM, which as stated above is the normal blood glucose level in healthy individuals. GLUT4 is the most abundant glucose transporter in skeletal muscle and is thus considered to be rate limiting for glucose uptake and metabolism in resting muscles. [ 8 ]
Skeletal muscle, is a type of striated muscle, composed of muscle cells, called muscle fibers, which are in turn composed of myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of sarcomeres, the basic building blocks of striated muscle tissue. Upon stimulation by an action potential, skeletal muscles perform a coordinated contraction by shortening each sarcomere.
Cortisol plays a crucial role in regulating glucose metabolism and promotes gluconeogenesis (glucose synthesis) and glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis) in the liver and glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) in skeletal muscle. [1] It also increases blood glucose levels by reducing glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue, decreasing protein ...