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Sulfonamide is a functional group (a part of a molecule) that is the basis of several groups of drugs, which are called sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
It is taken by mouth. [1] Sulfadiazine is available in multiple generic tablets of 500 mg. For urinary tract infections, the usual dose is 4 to 6 grams daily in 3 to 6 divided doses. [4] Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, headache, fever, rash, depression, and pancreatitis. [1]
Around 90% of a dose of sulfasalazine reaches the colon, where most of it is metabolized by bacteria into sulfapyridine and mesalazine (also known as 5-aminosalicylic acid or 5-ASA). Both metabolites are active; most of the sulfapyridine is absorbed and then further metabolized, but most mesalazine is not, and remains in the colon.
Sulfanilamide is a yellowish-white or white crystal or fine powder. It has a density of 1.08 g/cm 3 and a melting point of 164.5-166.5 °C. The pH of a 0.5% aqueous solution of Sulfanilamide is 5.8 to 6.1. It has a λ max of 255 and 312 nm. [5]
About 0.1 to 1.0% of people show hypersensitivity reactions such as rashes or erythema multiforme. [13] This reaction is known from other sulfonamides including antibacterials , thiazide diuretics , and sulfonylurea antidiabetics ; but data on the likelihood of cross-allergies are inconsistent.
Its Tmax (or time to reach maximum drug concentration in plasma) occurs 1 to 4 hours after oral administration. The mean serum half-life of sulfamethoxazole is 10 hours. [ 8 ] However, the half-life of the drug noticeably increases in people with creatinine clearance rates equal to or less than 30 mL/minute.
Sulfapyridine is no longer prescribed for treatment of infections in humans. However, it may be used to treat linear IgA disease and has use in veterinary medicine. [1] It is a good antibacterial drug, but its water solubility is very pH dependent. Thus there is a risk of crystallization within the bladder or urethra, which could lead to pain ...
Its use later on during pregnancy also increases the risk of preterm labour (odds ratio: 1.51) and low birth weight (odds ratio: 1.67). [17] [18] Animal studies have yielded similarly discouraging results. [3] It appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding as long as the baby is healthy. [19]