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In the 1950s, the antibiotic streptomycin was used extensively to control the spread of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. However, the bacteria developed resistant strains and widespread antibiotic application is no longer an effective method of control. [9] It was once believed that a single strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv.
Warm and wet conditions favor plant infection by Xcc and the development of disease. [6] [8] Free moisture is required for host invasion, considering that the natural route of infection is through the hydathodes. The optimum temperature range for bacterial growth and host symptom development is between 25° and 30 °C.
Upon initial infection, the bacteria remain in the epiphytic stage; however, the harmful endophytic stage is reached when the bacteria actually enter the plant host through natural openings. [2] In general, the genes that contribute significantly to the plant-bacteria relationship are the avirulence ( avr ) genes, the hypersensitivity response ...
The effector repertoire has been proposed to be a determinant of host specificity. [18] Xanthomonas actively kill other bacterial using type IV secretion system and defend itself from amoeba using type VI secretion system. [19] [20] [1] To prevent infections, limiting the introduction of the bacteria is key.
Since opportunistic infections can cause severe disease, much emphasis is placed on measures to prevent infection. Such a strategy usually includes restoration of the immune system as soon as possible, avoiding exposures to infectious agents, and using antimicrobial medications ("prophylactic medications") directed against specific infections.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis is an anaerobic, Gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria that can affect walnut trees though the flowers, buds, shoots, branches, trunk, and fruit. It can have devastating effects including premature fruit drop and lesions on the plant.
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