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According to psychologist Marsha Linehan, there are six levels of validation: [4] Attending: Showing genuine interest in the other person. Clarifying: Asking questions to understand the information shared. Reflecting: Commenting on what the person may not have explicitly expressed about their emotions, while awaiting confirmation.
The hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow is one of his most enduring contributions to psychology. [6] The hierarchy of needs remains a popular framework and tool in higher education , [ 7 ] [ 8 ] business and management training, [ 9 ] sociology research, healthcare , [ 10 ] [ 11 ] counselling [ 12 ] and social work . [ 13 ]
Bertram R. Forer (24 October 1914 – 6 April 2000) was an American psychologist best known for describing the Forer effect, sometimes referred to as subjective validation. [ 1 ] Early life
The term subjective validation first appeared in the 1980 book The Psychology of the Psychic by David F. Marks and Richard Kammann. [4] Subjective validation describes the tendency of people to believe or accept an idea or statement if it presents to them in a personal and positive way. [5]
Although individual differences (rank-order) tend to be relatively stable in adulthood, there are maturational changes in personality that are common to most people (mean-level changes). Most cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest that neuroticism, extraversion, and openness tend to decline, whereas agreeableness and conscientiousness ...
The basic principle of the therapy is the concept of validation or the reciprocated communication of respect which communicates that the other's opinions are acknowledged, respected, heard, and (regardless whether or not the listener actually agrees with the content), they are being treated with genuine respect as a legitimate expression of ...
[6] Self-verification strivings may have undesirable consequences for people with negative self-views ( depressed people and those who suffer from low self-esteem ). For example, self-verification strivings may cause people with negative self-views to gravitate toward partners who mistreat them, undermine their feelings of self-worth , or even ...
Graves's emergent cyclical levels of existence (E-C theory or ECLET) is a theory of adult human development constructed from experimental data by Union College professor of psychology Clare W. Graves. It produces an open-ended series of levels, [1] and has been used as a basis for Spiral Dynamics [2] and other managerial and philosophical ...