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A biological network is a method of representing systems as complex sets of binary interactions or relations between various biological entities. [1] In general, networks or graphs are used to capture relationships between entities or objects. [1]
Recent examples of application of network theory in biology include applications to understanding the cell cycle [3] as well as a quantitative framework for developmental processes. [4] Good network inference requires proper planning and execution of an experiment, thereby ensuring quality data acquisition.
Tissues of different types combine to form an organ which has a specific function. The intestinal wall for example is formed by epithelial tissue and smooth muscle tissue. [2] Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function form an organ system, also called a biological system or body system.
In developmental biology, animal embryonic development, also known as animal embryogenesis, is the developmental stage of an animal embryo. Embryonic development starts with the fertilization of an egg cell (ovum) by a sperm cell ( spermatozoon ). [ 1 ]
The somatic layer depends upon a continuous layer with mesoderm that covers the amnion. The splanchnic layer depends upon a continuous layer that covers the yolk sac. The two layers cover the intraembryonic cavity. The parietal layer, together with overlying ectoderm, forms the lateral body wall folds.
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM), [1] [2] also called intercellular matrix (ICM), is a network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals, such as collagen, enzymes, glycoproteins and hydroxyapatite that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
It is the outermost layer, and is superficial to the mesoderm (the middle layer) and endoderm (the innermost layer). [1] It emerges and originates from the outer layer of germ cells. The word ectoderm comes from the Greek ektos meaning "outside", and derma meaning "skin".
Cellular compartments in cell biology comprise all of the closed parts within the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell, usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane. These compartments are often, but not always, defined as membrane-bound organelles. The formation of cellular compartments is called compartmentalization.