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Basic diagram of an onager, a type of catapult. A catapult is a ballistic device used to launch a projectile a great distance without the aid of gunpowder or other propellants – particularly various types of ancient and medieval siege engines. [1]
Hellenistic architects built domes, and were the first to explore the Golden ratio and its relationship with geometry and architecture. Other Hellenistic innovations include torsion catapults, pneumatic catapults, crossbows, rutways, organs, the keyboard mechanism, differential gears, showers, dry docks, diving bells, odometer and astrolabes.
The first type, which also existed in America, is characteristic especially for Southern Africa. These were used by Bantu-speaking groups in southern and parts of east Africa, which was made with mud, poles, thatch, and cow dung (rectangular houses were more common among the Bantu-speaking peoples of the greater Congo region and central Africa).
A 1521 Italian language edition of De architectura, translated and illustrated by Cesare Cesariano Manuscript of Vitruvius; parchment dating from about 1390. De architectura (On architecture, published as Ten Books on Architecture) is a treatise on architecture written by the Roman architect and military engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus ...
Oriel Chambers, the first building to feature a metal-framed glass curtain wall. Built in 1864. Equitable Life Building (Manhattan), first office building to use passenger elevators. Completed in 1870. Home Insurance Building, widely considered to be the first true skyscraper due to its use of a structural steel frame. Built in 1884.
1480s – Vitruvius' treatise De architectura and Leon Battista Alberti's De re aedificatoria were published, having previously existed only in manuscript. 1470s – 1460s – 1450s – Architecture of the Ottoman Empire after capturing Constantinople; 1440s – 1430s – 1420s – The Forbidden City of China is completed; 1410s –
Though they were built to last and used more stone in their construction than most Japanese buildings, castles were still constructed primarily of wood, and many were destroyed over the years. This was especially true during the Sengoku period (1467–1603), when many of these castles were first built.
Both were also used to "harden" the cutting edge of tools such as the Egyptians using copper and bronze points for working soft stone including quarrying blocks and making rock-cut architecture. During the copper age, the ancient Chinese invented fired bricks as early as 4400BC. In Chengtoushan, fired bricks were used as flooring for houses. [16]