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Static level is the level of water in the well when no water is being removed from the well by pumping. [8] Water table is the upper level of the zone of saturation, an underground surface in which the soil or rock is permanently saturated with water. [9] Well yield is the volume of water per unit time that is produced by the well from pumping. [8]
Measuring hydraulic head in an artesian aquifer, where the water level is above the ground surface. Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum. [1] [2] It is usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer.
Conversely, the obvert level is the highest interior level, and can be considered the "ceiling" level, being the highest level of that sewer. The bottom of the sewer is called the invert from a general resemblance in construction to an "inverted" arch. [2] An inverted arch is a rounded structure with its crown facing in the downward position.
Tide tables give the height of the tide above a chart datum making it feasible to calculate the depth of water at a given point and at a given time by adding the charted depth to the height of the tide. One may calculate whether an area that dries is under water by subtracting the drying height from the [given] height calculated from the tide ...
Where such tides were encountered, sometimes a pair of opposed gates was used, opening outwards away from each other. Provided the water depth between them was kept low, these could resist high water from either direction. [1] A pair of such gates was provided at Penarth Dock, owing to the exceptionally high tidal range of the Bristol Channel ...
A plan and side view of a generic, empty canal lock. A lock chamber separated from the rest of the canal by an upper pair and a lower pair of mitre gates.The gates in each pair close against each other at an 18° angle to approximate an arch against the water pressure on the "upstream" side of the gates when the water level on the "downstream" side is lower.
At a basic level, it is typically calculated in metres using the formula: [1] UKC = Charted Depth − Draft-/+ Height of Tide. Ship masters and deck officers can obtain the depth of water from Electronic navigational charts. [5] More dynamic or advanced calculations include safety margins for manoeuvring effects and squat. [7]
A sailor and a man on shore, both sounding the depth with a line. Depth sounding, often simply called sounding, is measuring the depth of a body of water. Data taken from soundings are used in bathymetry to make maps of the floor of a body of water, such as the seabed topography. Soundings were traditionally shown on nautical charts in fathoms ...