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The transistor count is the number of transistors in an electronic device (typically on a single substrate or silicon die).It is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity (although the majority of transistors in modern microprocessors are contained in cache memories, which consist mostly of the same memory cell circuits replicated many times).
This is a list of transistorized computers, which were digital computers that used discrete transistors as their primary logic elements. Discrete transistors were a feature of logic design for computers from about 1960, when reliable transistors became economically available, until monolithic integrated circuits displaced them in the 1970s.
The first low-cost junction transistor available to the general public was the CK722, a PNP germanium small signal unit introduced by Raytheon in early 1953 for $7.60 each. In the 1950s and 1960s, hundreds of hobbyist electronics projects based around the CK722 transistor were published in popular books and magazines.
The history of computing hardware starting at 1960 is marked by the conversion from vacuum tube to solid-state devices such as transistors and then integrated circuit (IC) chips. Around 1953 to 1959, discrete transistors started being considered sufficiently reliable and economical that they made further vacuum tube computers uncompetitive.
Over the years, transistor sizes have decreased from tens of microns in the early 1970s to 10 nanometers in 2017 [57] with a corresponding million-fold increase in transistors per unit area. As of 2016, typical chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 600 mm 2 , with up to 25 million transistors per mm 2 .
June 1960: 20,000 nm: 100 nm: PMOS: ... 1970 10,000 nm: 100 nm ... Samsung Electronics have begun risk production of 3 nm GAAFET transistors in June of 2022. [136 ...
At the end of the 1970s, Moore's law became known as the limit for the number of transistors on the most complex chips. The graph at the top of this article shows this trend holds true today. As of 2022 [update] , the commercially available processor possessing one of the highest numbers of transistors is an AD102 graphics processor with more ...
With the availability of reliable low cost ICs in the mid 1960s commercial third generation computers using ICs started to appear. The fourth generation computers began with the shipment of CPS-1 , the first commercial microprocessor microcomputer in 1972 and for the purposes of this list marks the end of the "early" third generation computer era.