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Nitrates used in agricultural fertilizers may leak into the ground and may contaminate well water. The current EPA standard of 10 ppm nitrate-nitrogen for drinking water is specifically set to protect infants. [13] Benzocaine applied to the gums or throat (as commonly used in baby teething gels, or sore throat lozenges) can cause methemoglobinemia.
A methemoglobin level > 1.5 g/dL causes cyanosis. The most common congenital cause is a deficiency in the enzyme cytochrome b5 reductase which reduces methemoglobin in the blood. [22] However, in infants the most common cause of methemoglobinemia is acquired through the ingestion of nitrates (NO − 3) through well water or foods.
The disorder can cause heart abnormalities and seizures if the amount of methemoglobin in the blood exceeds 20 percent, but at levels between 10 and 20 percent it can cause blue skin without other symptoms. Most of the Fugates lived long and healthy lives. The "bluest" of the blue Fugates, Luna Stacy, had 13 children and lived to age 84. [6]
The structure of cytochrome b5 reductase, the enzyme that converts methemoglobin to hemoglobin. [1]Methemoglobin (British: methaemoglobin, shortened MetHb) (pronounced "met-hemoglobin") is a hemoglobin in the form of metalloprotein, in which the iron in the heme group is in the Fe 3+ state, not the Fe 2+ of normal hemoglobin.
One of the most common cause of methemoglobinemia in infants is due to the ingestion of nitrates and nitrites through well water or foods. In fact, nitrates ( NO − 3 ), often present at too high concentration in drinkwater, are only the precursor chemical species of nitrites ( NO − 2 ), the real culprits of methemoglobinemia.
Skin Contact: Causes irritation to skin. Symptoms include redness, itching, and pain. Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, and pain. Chronic Exposure: Under some circumstances methemoglobinemia occurs in individuals when the nitrate is converted by bacteria in the stomach to nitrite. Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, rapid heart beat, irregular ...
o-Nitrosotoluene, a metabolite of o-toluidine, converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin, resulting in methemoglobinemia. [7] [8] [ISBN missing] [9] o-Nitrosotoluene is suspected of causing bladder cancer in rats. [10] [11] [12] Nitrosotoluene exposure has been researched in a number of different degrees in animals. [13] [14] [15] [16]
"It can be caused by drinking water nitrate-nitrogen levels that exceed current EPA standards of 10ppm. Nitrate can cause the reaction in the bloodstream, especially in babies." Actually Methemoglobinemia is caused by drinking water with elevated nitrite-nitrogen levels. Levels of nitrite associated with the reaction have not been documented ...