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Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. ONH (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940) was a Jamaican political activist. He was the founder and first President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL, commonly known as UNIA), through which he declared himself Provisional President of Africa.
Garvey was a Pan-Africanist, [36] and an African nationalist. [37] In Jamaica, he and his supporters were heavily influenced by the pan-Africanist teachings of Dr Love and Alexander Bedward . [ 38 ] In the wake of the First World War , Garvey called for the formation of "a United Africa for the Africans of the World". [ 39 ]
Official Blog of the UNIA: Millions For Marcus Garvey on Facebook; The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers Project; Marcus Garvey: The Official Site; Gale Group guide to UNIA; American Series Sample Documents Archived 2015-06-03 at the Wayback Machine—Volume I: 1826 – August 1919; 1918 UNIA Constitution
A history of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa, New York: Africana Publ., 1974, ISBN 0-8419-0161-9. Colin Legum, Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide, revised edition, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965. Tony Martin, Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond, Dover: The Majority Press, 1985.
Numerous African countries have adopted the colours into their national flags, and they are similarly used as a symbol by many Pan-African organisations and the Rastafari movement. Red, black, and green, first introduced by Marcus Garvey in 1920, have also come to represent Pan-Africanism, and are shown on the pan-African flag.
The Black Star Line (1919−1922) was a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey, the organizer of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and other members of the UNIA. The shipping line was created to facilitate the transportation of goods and eventually African Americans throughout the African
Marcus Garvey, "Africa's Provisional President," is seen during the renaming of the ship from the "General G.W. Goethals" to the S.S Booker T. Washington, Jan. 25, 1925.
Amy Ashwood Garvey (née Ashwood; 10 January 1897 – 3 May 1969) was a Jamaican Pan-Africanist activist. [1] She was a director of the Black Star Line Steamship Corporation, and along with her former husband Marcus Garvey she founded the Negro World newspaper.