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A hong (Chinese: 行; pinyin: háng; Jyutping: hong4-2) was a type of Chinese merchant establishment and its associated type of building. [1] Hongs arose in Guangzhou (formerly known as Canton) as intermediaries between Western and Chinese merchants during the 18–19th century, under the Canton System.
The Hong merchants included Howqua (Wu Bingjian), Puankhequa, Mowqua, Goqua, Fatqua, Kingqua, Sunshing, Mingqua, Saoqua, and Punboqua. [15] Despite the existence of Sinophones [ 15 ] and the linguists usually accompanying each ship, [ 4 ] foreigners were notionally banned by imperial decree from learning the Chinese language, [ 1 ] there being ...
The Cohong, sometimes spelled kehang or gonghang, a guild of Chinese merchants or hongs, operated the import–export monopoly in Canton (present-day Guangzhou) during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). During the century prior to the First Opium War of 1839–1842, trade relations between China and Europe took place exclusively via the Cohong ...
Perhaps the wealthiest man in China during the nineteenth century, Howqua was the senior of the hong merchants in Canton, one of the few authorized to trade silk and porcelain with foreigners. In an 1822 fire which burned down many of the cohongs , [ 9 ] the silver that melted allegedly formed a little stream almost two miles in length.
This system licensed trade with Western merchants: licences were granted to a number of Chinese merchants as long as they helped to collect duties from the Westerners, successfully aligning trading interests with the government's revenue collection. This was the predecessor for the later Cohong system. [11]
The Hong merchants of Canton: Chinese merchants in Sino-Western trade. Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-0361-6. Cochran, Sherman (2000). Encountering Chinese Networks: Western, Japanese, and Chinese Corporations in China, 1880–1937. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21625-9. Crush, Peter (1999). Woosung Road: The Story of China's First ...
The Ewo Hong (Chinese: 怡和行; pinyin: Yíhé Háng; Jyutping: ji4 wo4 hong2) was a Qing dynasty hong established by Wǔ Guóyíng (traditional Chinese: 伍國瑩; simplified Chinese: 伍国莹) in Canton (Guangzhou) in 1783 and later became the leader of the cohong of the Thirteen Factories under the stewardship of Howqua, who took over in 1803.
Dent & Co. or Dent's, was one of the wealthiest British merchant firms, or Hongs, active in China during the 19th century. A direct rival to Jardine, Matheson & Co, together with Russell & Co., these three companies are recognised as the original Canton Hongs active in early Colonial Hong Kong.