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James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish physicist and mathematician [1] who was responsible for the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, which was the first theory to describe electricity, magnetism and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon.
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (/ h ɜːr t s /, HURTS; German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç hɛʁts]; [1] [2] 22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves predicted by James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism.
The earliest Chinese literature reference to magnetism lies in a 4th-century BC book called The Book of the Devil Valley Master: "When the people of Cheng go out to collect jade, they carry a south-pointer with them so as not to lose their way." [9]: 110 [10] Electric catfish are found in tropical Africa and the Nile River.
[15] [16] Maxwell's extension to the law states that a time-varying electric field can also generate a magnetic field. [12] Similarly, Faraday's law of induction states that a magnetic field can produce an electric current. For example, a magnet pushed in and out of a coil of wires can produce an electric current in the coils which is ...
That mental model was crucial to the successful development of electromechanical devices which were to dominate the 19th century. His demonstrations that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field, mathematically modeled by Faraday's law of induction, would subsequently become one of Maxwell's equations.
With µ representing vortex density, it follows that the product of µ with vorticity H leads to the magnetic field denoted as B. The electric current equation can be viewed as a convective current of electric charge that involves linear motion. By analogy, the magnetic equation is an inductive current involving spin.
It was by his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current that Faraday established the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena.
In his work, he also coined the term "magnetic field" in this sense in 1845, which he later used frequently. [13] He provided a clear definition in 1850, stating [13] I will now endeavour to consider what the influence is which paramagnetic and diamagnetic bodies, viewed as conductors, exert upon the lines of force in a magnetic field.