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Dell Hathaway Hymes (June 7, 1927, in Portland, Oregon – November 13, 2009, in Charlottesville, Virginia) was a linguist, sociolinguist, anthropologist, and folklorist who established disciplinary foundations for the comparative, ethnographic study of language use.
The concept of communicative competence, as developed in linguistics, originated in response to perceived inadequacy of the notion of linguistic competence.That is, communicative competence encompasses a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, but reconceives this knowledge as a functional, social understanding of how and when to use utterances ...
Dell Hymes proposed the ethnography of communication as an approach towards analyzing patterns of language use within speech communities, in order to provide support for his idea of communicative competence, which itself was a reaction to Noam Chomsky's distinction between linguistic competence and linguistic performance. [3]
He drew from a previous linguistic anthropologist Hymes (1972) term of "communicative competence" in that social expectations within a speech community shape the member's use of language. [9] Thus, diverse backgrounds in language have a different set of expectations that a member conforms to. As language differs, so does the developmental ...
Hymes did not make a concrete formulation of communicative competence, but subsequent authors, notably Michael Canale, have tied the concept to language teaching. [12] Canale and Swain (1980) defined communicative competence in terms of three components: grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, and
Chomsky's use of the term performance to cover everything that does not fall within the scope of a deliberately idealized and theoretically restricted concept of linguistic competence, was perhaps unfortunate. [13] Dell Hymes, quoting Lyons as above, says that "probably now there is widespread agreement" with the above statement. [14]
Their contribution was a new method called the "ethnography of communication." Gumperz's own approach has been called interactional sociolinguistics . Sociolinguistics analyzes variation in discourse within a particular speech community , and it studies how that variation affects the unfolding of meaning in interaction and correlates with the ...
Competence is the collection of subconscious rules that one knows when one knows a language; performance is the system which puts these rules to use. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] This distinction is related to the broader notion of Marr's levels used in other cognitive sciences, with competence corresponding to Marr's computational level.