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Elastic properties describe the reversible deformation (elastic response) of a material to an applied stress. They are a subset of the material properties that provide a quantitative description of the characteristics of a material, like its strength. Material properties are most often characterized by a set of numerical parameters called moduli.
The four-point flexural test provides values for the modulus of elasticity in bending, flexural stress, flexural strain and the flexural stress-strain response of the material. This test is very similar to the three-point bending flexural test .
Using linear elastic indentation hardness, a relation between the ASTM D2240 hardness and the Young's modulus for elastomers has been derived by Gent [7].Gent's relation has the form = (+) (), where is the Young's modulus in MPa and is the ASTM D2240 type A hardness.
Specific modulus is a materials property consisting of the elastic modulus per mass density of a material. It is also known as the stiffness to weight ratio or specific stiffness . High specific modulus materials find wide application in aerospace applications where minimum structural weight is required.
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This gives a theoretical value of the modulus of elasticity which can be compared to experimental results. The following table lists some of the results of different materials, with the sole purpose of illustrating some numerical analyses that have been made using the Murnaghan equation, without prejudice to the quality of the models obtained.
Relations for other moduli are found in the (λ, G) row of the conversions table at the end of this article. Although the shear modulus, μ, must be positive, the Lamé's first parameter, λ, can be negative, in principle; however, for most materials it is also positive. The parameters are named after Gabriel Lamé.
where E is the elastic modulus and η is the material coefficient of viscosity. This model describes the damper as a Newtonian fluid and models the spring with Hooke's law. In a Maxwell material, stress σ, strain ε and their rates of change with respect to time t are governed by equations of the form: [1]