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The SI unit of irradiance is watts per square metre (W/m 2 = Wm −2). The unit of insolation often used in the solar power industry is kilowatt hours per square metre (kWh/m 2). [12] The Langley is an alternative unit of insolation. One Langley is one thermochemical calorie per square centimetre or 41,840 J/m 2. [13]
It is measured by satellite as being 1.361 kilo watts per square meter (kW/m 2) at solar minimum (the time in the 11-year solar cycle when the number of sunspots is minimal) and approximately 0.1% greater (roughly 1.362 kW/m 2) at solar maximum. [1]
1 thermochemical calorie per square centimetre, [2] 41 840 J/m 2 (joules per square metre) [3] See also. Solar constant; Radiant exposure; References
where Pd is the power density in watts per square meter (one W/m 2 is equal to 0.1 mW/cm 2), H 2 = the square of the value of the magnetic field in amperes RMS squared per meter squared, E 2 = the square of the value of the electric field in volts RMS squared per meter squared. [6]
astro: power per square meter received from Proxima Centauri, the closest star known 10 −10: 1 × 10 −10: −68 dBm astro: estimated total Hawking radiation power of all black holes in the observable universe. [7] [8] [9] 1.5 × 10 −10: −68 dBm biomed: power entering a human eye from a 100-watt lamp 1 km away 10 −9: nano-(nW) 2–15 ...
The lux is one lumen per square metre (lm/m 2), and the corresponding radiometric unit, which measures irradiance, is the watt per square metre (W/m 2). There is no single conversion factor between lux and W/m 2 ; there is a different conversion factor for every wavelength, and it is not possible to make a conversion unless one knows the ...
It is quantified in units of watts per square meter, and often summarized as an average over the total surface area of the globe. A planet in radiative equilibrium with its parent star and the rest of space can be characterized by net zero radiative forcing and by a planetary equilibrium temperature. [4]
Positive EEI thus defines the overall rate of planetary heating and is typically expressed as watts per square meter (W/m 2). During 2005 to 2019 the Earth's energy imbalance averaged about 460 TW or globally 0.90 ± 0.15 W per m 2 .