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Violence and conflict with colonists were also important causes of the decline of certain Indigenous American populations since the 16th century. Population figures for the Indigenous peoples of the Americas before European colonization have been difficult to establish. Estimates have varied widely from as low as 8 million to as many as 100 ...
The Birth of Pennsylvania, a portrait of William Penn (standing with document in hand), who founded the Province of Pennsylvania in 1681 as a refuge for Quakers after receiving a royal deed to it from King Charles II. The history of Pennsylvania stems back thousands of years when the first indigenous peoples occupied the area of what is now ...
[34] [41] The exact number of Native Americans who were enslaved is unknown because vital statistics and census reports were at best infrequent. [29] [37] Andrés Reséndez estimates that between 147,000 and 340,000 Native Americans were enslaved in North America, excluding Mexico. [42]
The counts are for total population, including persons who were enslaved, but generally excluding Native Americans. According to the Census Bureau, these figures likely undercount enslaved people. [2] Shaded blocks indicate periods before the colony was established or chartered, as well as times when it was part of another colony.
The United States census enumerated Whites and Blacks since 1790, Asians and Native Americans since 1860 (though all Native Americans in the U.S. were not enumerated until 1890), "some other race" since 1950, and "two or more races" since 2000. [2] Mexicans were counted as White from 1790 to 1930, unless of apparent non-European extraction. [13]
A 1930 census stated that 5.6% were Indigenous. [234] By the mid-20th century, there may have been as much as 20% (or 400,000) that would qualify as "Indigenous". Another estimate stated that by the late 1980s, 10% of the population was Indigenous, and another 89% was mestizo (or people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry).
Moravian missionaries later settled in Pennsylvania. On Christmas Eve in 1741, their leader, Count Nicolas Ludwig von Zinzendorf, who was visiting them, led them to a stable, where they sang the hymn “Jesus Call Thou Me.” Its lyrics say: “Not Jerusalem — lowly Bethlehem 'twas that gave us Christ to save us.”
The communities were near good arable land, with dry farming common in the earlier years of this period. [24] They were known for their pottery, using the paddle-and-anvil technique. The Classical period of the culture saw the rise in architecture and ceramics. Buildings were grouped into walled compounds, as well as earthen platform mounds.