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A circulating tumor cell (CTC) is a cancer cell from a primary tumor that has shed into the blood of the circulatory system, or the lymph of the lymphatic system. [1] CTCs are carried around the body to other organs where they may leave the circulation and become the seeds for the subsequent growth of secondary tumors .
The test does not indicate the tumor site(s) or other information about the tumor. The test did not produce false positives. [20] Such tests may also be useful to assess whether malignant cells remain in patients whose tumors have been surgically removed. [21] Up to 30 percent are expected to relapse because some tumor cells remain. [22]
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is found in serum and plasma fractions from blood. The mechanism of ctDNA release is unknown, though apoptosis, necrosis, and active secretion from tumor cells have been hypothesized. Once ctDNA is isolated, it can be sequenced for mutational analysis.
Two areas in particular that are receiving attention as surrogate markers include circulating tumor cells (CTCs) [45] [46] and circulating miRNAs. [47] [48] Both these markers are associated with the number of tumor cells present in the blood, and as such, are hoped to provide a surrogate for tumor progression and metastasis. However ...
“In bladder cancer, our work shows that PIN1 is important for bladder cancer cells to proliferate and grow, and to prevent the tumor cells from committing suicide by a process known as apoptosis ...
In some cases, flow cytometry and FISH results may be misleading, as circulating tumour cells can exhibit cell markers and chromosomal abnormalities associated with hematologic diseases. [4] Bone marrow examination is indicated in carcinocythemia to better characterize the tumour cells. [3] [4]