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  2. Pore water pressure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore_water_pressure

    When there is no flow, the pore pressure at depth, h w, below the water surface is: [4] =, where: p s is the saturated pore water pressure (kPa) g w is the unit weight of water (kN/m 3), = / [5] h w is the depth below the water table (m),

  3. Hudson's equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson's_equation

    K D = around 10 for artificial interlocking concrete blocks; S r = (ρ r / ρ w is the relative density of rock, i.e. (ρ r / ρ w - 1) = around 1.58 for granite in sea water; ρ r and ρ w are the densities of rock and (sea)water (-) θ is the angle of revetment with the horizontal

  4. Water–cement ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water–cement_ratio

    More water is therefore used than is chemically and physically necessary to react with cement. Water–cement ratios in the range of 0.40 to 0.60 are typically used. For higher-strength concrete, lower w/c ratios are necessary, along with a plasticizer to increase flowability.

  5. Properties of concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_concrete

    Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]

  6. Hydraulic conductivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity

    the rate of rise of the water level in the hole is recorded; the K-value is calculated from the data as: [8] = where: K is the horizontal saturated hydraulic conductivity (m/day) H is the depth of the water level in the hole relative to the water table in the soil (cm): H t = H at time t; H o = H at time t = 0

  7. Concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete

    A single concrete block, as used for construction. Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. . Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [1] and is the most widely used building material

  8. Hazen–Williams equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen–Williams_equation

    The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship that relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems [ 1 ] such as fire sprinkler systems , [ 2 ] water supply networks , and irrigation systems.

  9. Effective stress - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_stress

    Erg Chebbi, Morocco. The effective stress can be defined as the stress, depending on the applied tension and pore pressure , which controls the strain or strength behaviour of soil and rock (or a generic porous body) for whatever pore pressure value or, in other terms, the stress which applied over a dry porous body (i.e. at =) provides the same strain or strength behaviour which is observed ...