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List of free analog and digital electronic circuit simulators, available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and comparing against UC Berkeley SPICE.The following table is split into two groups based on whether it has a graphical visual interface or not.
In other words, the wave vector points in the normal direction to the surfaces of constant phase, also called wavefronts. In a lossless isotropic medium such as air, any gas, any liquid, amorphous solids (such as glass), and cubic crystals, the direction of the wavevector is the same as the direction of wave propagation. If the medium is ...
Ray tracing of a beam of light passing through a medium with changing refractive index.The ray is advanced by a small amount, and then the direction is re-calculated. Ray tracing works by assuming that the particle or wave can be modeled as a large number of very narrow beams (), and that there exists some distance, possibly very small, over which such a ray is locally straight.
For a sinusoidal spherical wave, the wavefronts are spherical surfaces that expand with it. If the speed of propagation is different at different points of a wavefront, the shape and/or orientation of the wavefronts may change by refraction. In particular, lenses can change the shape of optical wavefronts from planar to spherical, or vice versa.
In Euclidean space, the wave front set of a distribution ƒ is defined as = {(,) ()}where () is the singular fibre of ƒ at x.The singular fibre is defined to be the complement of all directions such that the Fourier transform of f, localized at x, is sufficiently regular when restricted to an open cone containing .
The two wavefronts come into contact at the points where they intersect with the optical axis. [1] Double refraction in uniaxial material. When unpolarized light incidents on the birefringent material, the o-ray and e-ray will generate new wavefronts. The new wavefront for the o-ray will be tangent to the spherical wavelets, while the new ...
Optical holography [1] is a technique which enables an optical wavefront to be recorded and later re-constructed. Holography is best known as a method of generating three-dimensional images but it also has a wide range of other applications.
As wavefronts pass through the Earth's atmosphere they may be perturbed by refractive index variations in the atmosphere. The diagram at the top-right of this page shows schematically a turbulent layer in the Earth's atmosphere perturbing planar wavefronts before they enter a telescope.