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The first inversion in roller coaster history was part of the Centrifugal Railway of Paris, France, built in 1848. [1] It consisted of a 43-foot (13-meter) sloping track leading into a nearly circular vertical loop 13 feet (4.0 m) in diameter. [4] During the early 1900s, many rides including vertical loops appeared around the world.
Turning the baby, technically known as external cephalic version (ECV), is when the baby is turned by gently pressing the mother's abdomen to push the baby from a bottom first position, to a head first position. In some circumstances, it may be necessary to press with more force.
A corkscrew inversion resembles a helix that rotates riders 360 degrees perpendicular to the track. It was named for its resemblance of a corkscrew tool used to remove bottle corks. Unlike vertical loops, riders face forward for the duration of the inversion. The corkscrew was the first modern-day coaster inversion element.
A "deep edge" is a steep lean on the edge of the skate – deep edges are rewarded, while skating on a "flat" (on both edges at the same time) is discouraged. edge jump A general term to refer to any rotational jump that takes off from an edge ; the three edge jumps that count as jump element s are the Axel , the loop , and the Salchow [ 2 ]
The Koch index is the ratio between peak steering torque and the product of peak lean rate and forward speed. [72] [73] Large, touring motorcycles tend to have a high Koch index, sport motorcycles tend to have a medium Koch index, and scooters tend to have a low Koch index. [9] It is easier to maneuver light scooters than heavy motorcycles.
Illusions caused by the otolith organs are called somatogravic illusions and include the Inversion, Head-Up, and Head-Down Illusions. The Inversion Illusion results from a steep ascent followed by a sudden return to level flight; the resulting relative increase in forward speed produces an illusion the aircraft is inverted. [ 8 ]
Inversion was first noted in 1822 by the French zoologist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, when he dissected a crayfish (an arthropod) and compared it with the vertebrate body plan. The idea was heavily criticised, but periodically resurfaced, and is now supported by some molecular embryologists.