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Battery electric vehicles operate solely in charge-depleting mode, and most plug-in hybrids operate in this mode at startup and switch to charge-sustaining mode after the battery has reached its minimum state of charge (SOC) threshold, exhausting the vehicle's all-electric range (AER). Although there is no technically mandated minimum all ...
Where GPM CD designates efficiency in charge-depleting mode, and GPM CS charge-sustaining mode as designated and d CD is distance in charge depleting mode. A plug-in hybrid's all-electric range is designated by PHEV-(miles) or PHEV-(kilometers) km representing the distance the vehicle can travel on battery power alone. For example, a PHEV-20 ...
State of charge (SoC) quantifies the remaining capacity available in a battery at a given time and in relation to a given state of ageing. [1] It is usually expressed as percentage (0% = empty; 100% = full). An alternative form of the same measure is the depth of discharge , calculated as 1 − SoC (100% = empty; 0% = full).
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Electric cars perform less well in cold weather. Lower ambient temperatures affect an EV’s range, but also how quickly the battery charges and how effective its regenerative braking system works ...
An example of plug-in hybrids that operate in blended mode while charge-depleting is the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid. Because the Prius plug-in operates as a series-parallel hybrid , the U.S. EPA estimated its EV range for blended operation on a combination of electricity (from a fully charged battery pack) and gasoline as 11 mi (18 km) until ...
It is common in particle physics, where units of mass and energy are often interchanged, to express mass in units of eV/c 2, where c is the speed of light in vacuum (from E = mc 2). It is common to informally express mass in terms of eV as a unit of mass, effectively using a system of natural units with c set to 1. [3] The kilogram equivalent ...
The hole mobility is defined by a similar equation: =. Both electron and hole mobilities are positive by definition. Usually, the electron drift velocity in a material is directly proportional to the electric field, which means that the electron mobility is a constant (independent of the electric field).