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The polymer main chain consists of α-1,6 glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers, with branches from α-1,3 linkages. This characteristic branching distinguishes a dextran from a dextrin, which is a straight chain glucose polymer tethered by α-1,4 or α-1,6 linkages. [2]
Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSHs), also known as polyglycitol syrup (INS 964), are mixtures of several sugar alcohols (a type of sugar substitute). Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates were developed by the Swedish company Lyckeby Starch in the 1960s. [1] The HSH family of polyols is an approved food ingredient in Canada, Japan, and Australia.
Maltodextrin can be enzymatically derived from any starch, such as corn, potato, rice or cassava. [1] [4] [5] In the United States, this starch is usually corn; in Europe, it is common to use wheat. A food starch is boiled. The resulting paste is treated with a combination of acid and enzymes to produce maltodextrins. [6]
Starch hydrolyses during roasting under acidic conditions, and short-chained starch parts partially rebranch with α-(1,6) bonds to the degraded starch molecule. [5] See also Maillard reaction . Dextrins are white, yellow, or brown powders that are partially or fully water-soluble, yielding optically active solutions of low viscosity .
Icodextrin is a starch-derived, branched, water-soluble glucose polymer linked by α-(1→4) and less than 10% α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds, making it a type of dextrin. Its weight-average molecular weight is between 13,000 and 19,000 daltons and its number-average molecular weight between 5,000 and 6,500 daltons. The substance is a white to off ...
Gerontological nursing includes educating the elderly patient to be honest in discussing falls with medical professionals, using ambulatory aids, having adequate footwear and adequate lighting when ambulating. Doing medication checks with any new prescriptions can help to reduce side effects that can cause a fall in the elderly.
Resistant starch is considered both a dietary fiber and a functional fiber, depending on whether it is naturally in foods or added. [51] [52] [53] Although the U.S. Institute of Medicine has defined total fiber as equal to functional fiber plus dietary fiber, [54] U.S. food labeling does not distinguish between them. [55]
Nevertheless, a fibre supplement may be needed to prevent constipation when fibre intake via food is low, which is the case among many inactive elderly people. A cereal bran such as psyllium seed husk , or a synthetic fiber such as methylcellulose is often used in this case.