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Eleven of the 27 members of the 1952 National Executive Committee (NEC) were banned; and by 1955, 42 ANC leaders, including Walter Sisulu, had been banned. [11] During the 1950s, while the ANC intensified its domestic programme of protest action, it also began calling in the international arena for sanctions against the apartheid state.
The ANC was banned by the South African government between April 1960 – shortly after the Sharpeville massacre – and February 1990. During this period, despite periodic attempts to revive its domestic political underground, the ANC was forced into exile by increasing state repression, which saw many of its leaders imprisoned on Robben Island.
While we may expect people to struggle with countries like Bulgaria or Japan, there is a certain folklore to Britain’s relationship with Germany. Despite this, a mere 81% identified Germany as an enemy during the first world war, falling to three quarters (75%) of women and just over two thirds (69%) of 18–24-year-olds.
Austro-Hungarian soldiers executing men and women in Serbia, 1916 [14]. After being occupied completely in early 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague ...
In the First World War, British propaganda took various forms, including pictures, literature and film. Britain also placed significant emphasis on atrocity propaganda as a way of mobilising public opinion against Imperial Germany and the Central Powers during the First World War. [1] For the global picture, see Propaganda in World War I.
Alcott 'Skei' Gwentshe: Banned November 1952; sentenced to 9 years in prison for violating the banning order, 26 March 1953. Bertha Gxowa: Banned in 1960. [28] Adelaine Hain: Banned in 1963. [29] Viola Hashe: Banned in 1963 until her death in 1977. [30] Ruth Hayman: Banned from 1966 to 1981 (died in exile). Sedick Isaacs: Banned from 1977 to ...
Opposition to World War I was widespread during the conflict and included socialists, such as anarchists, syndicalists, and Marxists, as well as Christian pacifists, anti-colonial nationalists, feminists, intellectuals, and the working class. The socialist movement had declared before the war their opposition to a war which they said could only ...
First raid on England by German Gotha heavy bomber aircraft at Folkestone in Kent. [26] 29 May 1917 A royal proclamation issued by King George V encourages a voluntary reduction in bread consumption. [26] 13 June 1917 First attack on London by German heavy bombers; 104 civilians were killed, including 18 children at an Upper North Street School ...