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The Persian physician Ibn Sina was the first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation. [1] Attar can also be expressed by chemical means but generally natural perfumes which qualify as attars are distilled with water. The oils are generally distilled into a wood base such as sandalwood and then aged.
Agarwood is highly revered in Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese Folk Religion and Islam. [3] [14] Starting in 1580 after Nguyễn Hoàng took control over the central provinces of modern Vietnam, he encouraged trade with other countries, specifically China and Japan. Agarwood was exported in three varieties: Calambac (kỳ nam in Vietnamese), trầm ...
Musk is a class of aromatic substances commonly used as base notes in perfumery. They include glandular secretions from animals such as the musk deer, numerous plants emitting similar fragrances, and artificial substances with similar odors. [1] [2] Musk was a name originally given to a substance with a strong odor obtained from a gland of the ...
Tazkirat al-Awliyā (Persian: تذکرةالاولیا or تذکرةالاولیاء, lit."Biographies of the Saints") – variant transliterations: Tadhkirat al-Awliya, Tazkerat-ol-Owliya, Tezkereh-i-Evliā etc. – is a hagiographic collection of ninety-six Sufi saints (wali, plural awliya) and their miracles authored by the Sunni Muslim Persian poet and mystic Farīd al-Dīn ‘Aṭṭar of ...
Attar (Arabic: عطار, ʿAṭṭār) is both an Arabic given name and a surname that refers to the occupations apothecary, pharmacist, spice dealer, or perfumer. There is an exaggerated form related to this name, Atir or Ater ( عاطِر ‘āṭir), meaning "perfumed, sweet-smelling, aromatic, fragrant", which is used rarely.
Al-Kindi was born in Kufa to an aristocratic family of the Arabian tribe of the Kinda, descended from the chieftain al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, a contemporary of Muhammad. [19] The family belonged to the most prominent families of the tribal nobility of Kufa in the early Islamic period, until it lost much of its power following the revolt of Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath. [20]
The Noble Qur'an by Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan and Shaykh Taqi ud din al Hilali [1] The Meaning of the Glorious Koran by Marmaduke Pickthall; The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary by Abdullah Yusuf Ali; The Qur'an: A New Translation by Muhammad A. S. Abdel Haleem [2] [3] The Clear Quran: A Thematic English Translation by Dr. Mustafa ...
Deities formed a part of the polytheistic religious beliefs in pre-Islamic Arabia, with many of the deities' names known. [1] Up until about the time between the fourth century AD and the emergence of Islam, polytheism was the dominant form of religion in Arabia. Deities represented the forces of nature, love, death, and so on, and were ...