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In physics (specifically, the kinetic theory of gases), the Einstein relation is a previously unexpected [clarification needed] connection revealed independently by William Sutherland in 1904, [1] [2] [3] Albert Einstein in 1905, [4] and by Marian Smoluchowski in 1906 [5] in their works on Brownian motion.
The mathematical similarities between the expressions for shear viscocity, thermal conductivity and diffusion coefficient of the ideal (dilute) gas is not a coincidence; It is a direct result of the Onsager reciprocal relations (i.e. the detailed balance of the reversible dynamics of the particles), when applied to the convection (matter flow ...
The ideal gas law is the equation of state for an ideal gas, given by: = where P is the pressure; V is the volume; n is the amount of substance of the gas (in moles) T is the absolute temperature; R is the gas constant, which must be expressed in units consistent with those chosen for pressure, volume and temperature.
Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...
The Einstein field equations (EFE) may be written in the form: [5] [1] + = EFE on the wall of the Rijksmuseum Boerhaave in Leiden, Netherlands. where is the Einstein tensor, is the metric tensor, is the stress–energy tensor, is the cosmological constant and is the Einstein gravitational constant.
For a gas that is a mixture of two or more pure gases (air or natural gas, for example), the gas composition must be known before compressibility can be calculated. Alternatively, the compressibility factor for specific gases can be read from generalized compressibility charts [ 1 ] that plot Z {\displaystyle Z} as a function of pressure at ...
The escape of any atmospheric gas can be diffusion-limited, but only diffusion-limited escape of hydrogen has been observed in our solar system, on Earth, Mars, Venus and Titan. [1] Diffusion-limited hydrogen escape was likely important for the rise of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere ( the Great Oxidation Event ) and can be used to estimate the ...
Critical isotherm for Redlich-Kwong model in comparison to van-der-Waals model and ideal gas (with V 0 =RT c /p c) The Redlich–Kwong equation is another two-parameter equation that is used to model real gases. It is almost always more accurate than the van der Waals equation, and often more accurate than some equations with more than two ...