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There are two distinctive mapping approaches used in the field of genome mapping: genetic maps (also known as linkage maps) [7] and physical maps. [3] While both maps are a collection of genetic markers and gene loci, [8] genetic maps' distances are based on the genetic linkage information, while physical maps use actual physical distances usually measured in number of base pairs.
Diagram illustrating the development process of avian flu vaccine by reverse genetics techniques. Reverse genetics is a method in molecular genetics that is used to help understand the function(s) of a gene by analysing the phenotypic effects caused by genetically engineering specific nucleic acid sequences within the gene.
Genetic recombination and recombinational DNA repair also occurs in bacteria and archaea, which use asexual reproduction. Recombination can be artificially induced in laboratory (in vitro) settings, producing recombinant DNA for purposes including vaccine development. V(D)J recombination in organisms with an adaptive immune system is a type of ...
Site-specific recombination systems are highly specific, fast, and efficient, even when faced with complex eukaryotic genomes. [4] They are employed naturally in a variety of cellular processes, including bacterial genome replication , differentiation and pathogenesis , and movement of mobile genetic elements . [ 5 ]
In immunology, epitope mapping is the process of experimentally identifying the binding site, or epitope, of an antibody on its target antigen (usually, on a protein). [1] [2] [3] Identification and characterization of antibody binding sites aid in the discovery and development of new therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics.
As a result, genetic vaccines and live vaccines generate cytotoxic T-cells in addition to antibodies in the vaccinated individual. In contrast to live vaccines, only parts of the pathogen are used, which means that a reversion to an infectious pathogen cannot occur as it happened during the polio vaccinations with the Sabin vaccine. [2]
Live recombinant vaccines can be administered via orally or nasally, instead of injection. Common examples of vaccines with the aforementioned route of admission include the oral polio vaccine and the nasal spray influenza vaccine. [3] [4] These vaccines can stimulate mucosal immunity and eliminate adverse effects associated with injection. [5]
Where d is the distance in map units, the Morgan Mapping Function states that the recombination frequency r can be expressed as =.This assumes that one crossover occurs, at most, in an interval between two loci, and that the probability of the occurrence of this crossover is proportional to the map length of the interval.