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For example, the repeating continued fraction [1;1,1,1,...] is the golden ratio, and the repeating continued fraction [1;2,2,2,...] is the square root of 2. In contrast, the decimal representations of quadratic irrationals are apparently random. The square roots of all (positive) integers that are not perfect squares are quadratic irrationals ...
The elements of the monoid are in correspondence with the rationals, by means of the identification of a 1, a 2, a 3, … with the continued fraction [0; a 1, a 2, a 3,…]. Since both S : x ↦ x x + 1 {\displaystyle S:x\mapsto {\frac {x}{x+1}}} and T : x ↦ 1 − x {\displaystyle T:x\mapsto 1-x} are linear fractional transformations with ...
The field of formal Laurent series over a field k: (()) = [[]] (it is the field of fractions of the formal power series ring [[]]. The function field of an algebraic variety over a field k is lim → k [ U ] {\displaystyle \varinjlim k[U]} where the limit runs over all the coordinate rings k [ U ] of nonempty open subsets U (more ...
The "sphinx" polyiamond rep-tile. Four copies of the sphinx can be put together as shown to make a larger sphinx.. In the geometry of tessellations, a rep-tile or reptile is a shape that can be dissected into smaller copies of the same shape.
3.3 percentage-point Clinton lead in New Hampshire ±4.6 points , 19 times out of 20 We simulated 5,000 random populations whose voting intentions correspond to poll results in this state.
It is possible to extend the problem to ask how many people in a group are necessary for there to be a greater than 50% probability that at least 3, 4, 5, etc. of the group share the same birthday. The first few values are as follows: >50% probability of 3 people sharing a birthday - 88 people; >50% probability of 4 people sharing a birthday ...
The Babylonians were aware that this was an approximation, and one Old Babylonian mathematical tablet excavated near Susa in 1936 (dated to between the 19th and 17th centuries BCE) gives a better approximation of π as 25 ⁄ 8 = 3.125, about 0.528% below the exact value. [8] [9] [10] [11]
Hexagonal tiling is the densest way to arrange circles in two dimensions. The honeycomb conjecture states that hexagonal tiling is the best way to divide a surface into regions of equal area with the least total perimeter.