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Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, and thus by composite particles such as hadrons, atomic nuclei, and atoms. [1] [2]: 183–184 Spin is quantized, and accurate models for the interaction with spin require relativistic quantum mechanics or quantum field theory.
This property is usually stated by referring to the electron as a spin-1/2 particle. [79] For such particles the spin magnitude is ħ / 2 , [84] while the result of the measurement of a projection of the spin on any axis can only be ± ħ / 2 . In addition to spin, the electron has an intrinsic magnetic moment along its spin axis ...
Each wave state has a single discrete spin (spin up or spin down) depending on its superposition. Thus, electrons cannot be described simply as solid particles. An analogy might be that of a large and often oddly shaped "atmosphere" (the electron), distributed around a relatively tiny planet (the nucleus).
The atom would then be pulled toward or away from the stronger magnetic field a specific amount, depending on the value of the valence electron's spin. When the spin of the electron is + + 1 / 2 the atom moves away from the stronger field, and when the spin is − + 1 / 2 the atom moves toward it. Thus the beam of silver atoms is ...
In atomic physics, the electron magnetic moment, or more specifically the electron magnetic dipole moment, is the magnetic moment of an electron resulting from its intrinsic properties of spin and electric charge. The value of the electron magnetic moment (symbol μ e) is −9.284 764 6917 (29) × 10 −24 J⋅T −1. [1]
Spin-orbit coupling: Each spin-1/2 electron behaves like a magnetic moment; the presence of a magnetic field exerts a torque which tends to align its magnetic moment with the direction of the field. From the reference frame of the electron, the proton is circling around it; this orbiting positive charge creates a magnetic field B in its frame.
The spin magnetic moment of the electron is =, where is the spin (or intrinsic angular-momentum) vector, is the Bohr magneton, and = is the electron-spin g-factor. Here μ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}} is a negative constant multiplied by the spin , so the spin magnetic moment is antiparallel to the spin.
The one-electron universe postulate, proposed by theoretical physicist John Wheeler in a telephone call to Richard Feynman in the spring of 1940, is the hypothesis that all electrons and positrons are actually manifestations of a single entity moving backwards and forwards in time.