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This can cause complications if patients are confined to a hospital and may lead to agitation, distress and anxiety. [10] Many patients report feeling as though they were being "held prisoner" and being prevented from carrying on with their daily lives. [10] Other symptoms include agitation, confusion, disorientation, and restlessness. [11]
Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) Complex PTSD is a form of PTSD that can develop in people who experience ongoing or long-term trauma or multiple traumas. This may include ...
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD, cPTSD, or hyphenated C-PTSD) is a stress-related mental and behavioral disorder generally occurring in response to complex traumas [1] (i.e., commonly prolonged or repetitive exposures to a series of traumatic events, from which one sees little or no chance to escape).
Toxic encephalopathy is a neurologic disorder caused by exposure to neurotoxic organic solvents such as toluene, following exposure to heavy metals such as manganese, as a side effect of melarsoprol treatment for African trypanosomiasis, adverse effects to prescription drugs, or exposure to extreme concentrations of any natural toxin such as cyanotoxins found in shellfish or freshwater ...
The SCN is located in the hypothalamus and is associated with regulating sleep patterns by maintaining circadian rhythms, which are strongly associated with external light and dark cues. A disruption within the suprachiasmatic nucleus would seem to be an area that could cause the types of confusion that are seen in sundowning.
Confusional arousals are accompanied by mental confusion and disorientation, relative lack of response to environmental stimuli, and difficulty of awakening the subject. [3] [4] [5] Vocalisation accompanied with coherent speech is common. [3] Patients may appear upset, and some of them become aggressive or agitated. [4]
[156] [165] Propranolol, a peripheral and central β-Adrenergic antagonist is effective on preventing the onset and progression of PTSD symptoms in humans [166] [167] [168] however its beneficial effects are undermined by unwanted side effects like gastrointestinal disturbances, bradycardia, fatigue, sleep disorders and memory deficits. [169]
Clouding of consciousness, also called brain fog or mental fog, [1] [2] occurs when a person is slightly less wakeful or aware than normal. [3] They are less aware of time and their surroundings, and find it difficult to pay attention. [3]